Feb 05, · The policies in your school or college generally determine the immediate consequences. But basic legal principles govern some aspects of school discipline. And of course, the law determines what happens when students sue schools, claiming that they were unfairly accused or Forms of electoral fraud, sometimes referred to as election manipulation, voter fraud or vote rigging, involves illegal interference with the process of an election, either by increasing the vote share of a favored candidate, depressing the vote share of rival candidates, or both. It differs from but often goes hand-in-hand with voter blogger.com exactly constitutes electoral fraud varies Plagiarism consequences in the academic field depend on the nature of the mistake, and the number of times one commits it. Disciplinary action is taken against the students who submit plagiarized papers. Teachers and/or the administration of the institution have various ways of doing this, such as
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Forms of electoral fraudsometimes referred to as election manipulationvoter fraud or vote rigging, involves illegal interference with the process of an electioneither by increasing the vote share of a favored candidate, depressing the vote share of rival candidates, or both.
What exactly constitutes electoral fraud varies from country to country. Electoral legislation consequences of buying term papers many kinds of election fraud, [2] but other practices violate general laws, such as those banning assaultharassment or libel, consequences of buying term papers.
Although technically the term "electoral fraud" covers only those acts which are illegal, consequences of buying term papers, the term is sometimes used to describe acts which are legal, but considered morally unacceptable, outside the spirit of an election or in violation of the principles of democracy.
In national elections, successful electoral fraud on a sufficient scale can have the effect of a coup d'état[ citation needed ] protest [5] or corruption of democracy. In a narrow electiona small amount of fraud may suffice to change the result.
Even if the outcome is not affected, the revelation of fraud can reduce voters' confidence in democracy. Electoral fraud can occur in advance of voting if the composition of the electorate is altered.
The legality of this type of manipulation varies across jurisdictions. Deliberate manipulation of election outcomes is widely considered a violation of the principles of democracy. In many cases, it is possible for authorities to artificially control the composition of an electorate in order to produce a foregone result. One way of doing this is to move a large number of voters into the electorate prior to an election, for example by temporarily assigning them land or lodging them in flophouses.
However, such laws can also be used for demographic manipulation as they tend to disenfranchise those with no fixed address, such as the homeless, travelers, Romastudents studying full-time away from homeand some casual workers, consequences of buying term papers.
Another strategy is to permanently move people into an electoral district, usually through public housing. If people eligible for public housing are likely to vote for a consequences of buying term papers party, then they can either be concentrated into one area, thus making their votes count for less, consequences of buying term papers, or moved into marginal seatswhere they may tip the balance towards their preferred party.
One example of this was the — Homes for votes scandal in the City of Westminster in England under Shirley Porter. Immigration law may also be used to manipulate electoral demography. For instance, Malaysia gave citizenship to immigrants from the neighboring Philippines and Indonesiatogether with suffrage, in order for a political party to "dominate" the state of Sabah ; this controversial process was known as Project IC.
A method of manipulating primary contests and other elections of party leaders are related to this. People who support one party may temporarily join another party or vote in a crossover way, when permitted in order to elect a weak candidate for that party's leadership. The goal ultimately is to defeat the weak candidate in the general election by the leader of the party that the voter truly supports.
There were claims that this method was being utilised in the UK Labour Party leadership election inwhere Conservative-leaning Toby Young encouraged Conservatives to join Labour and vote for Jeremy Corbyn in order to "consign Labour to electoral oblivion". The composition of an electorate may also be altered by disenfranchising some classes of people, rendering them unable to vote.
In some cases, states have passed provisions that raised general barriers to voter registration, such as poll taxes, literacy and comprehension tests, and record-keeping requirements, which in practice were applied against minority populations to discriminatory effect. From the turn of the century into the late s, most African Americans in the southern states of the former Confederacy were disenfranchised by such measures. Corrupt election officials may misuse voting regulations such as a literacy test or requirement for proof of identity or address in such a way as to make it difficult or impossible for their targets to cast a vote.
If such practices discriminate against a religious or ethnic group, they may so distort the political process that the political order becomes grossly unrepresentative, as in the post- Reconstruction or Jim Crow era until the Voting Rights Act of Felons have been disenfranchised in many states as a strategy to prevent African Americans from voting.
Groups may also be disenfranchised by rules which make it impractical or impossible for them to cast a vote. For example, requiring people to vote within their electorate may disenfranchise serving military personnel, prison inmates, students, hospital patients or anyone else who cannot return to their homes.
Communities may also be effectively disenfranchised if polling places are situated in areas perceived by voters as unsafe, or are not provided within reasonable proximity rural communities are especially vulnerable to this.
In some cases, voters may be invalidly disenfranchised, which is true electoral fraud. For example, a legitimate voter may be "accidentally" removed from the electoral rollmaking it difficult or impossible for the person to vote. In the Canadian federal election ofduring the Great War consequences of buying term papers, the Union government passed the Military Voters Act and the Wartime Elections Act.
The Military Voters Act permitted any active military personnel to vote by party only and allowed that party to decide in which electoral district to place that vote. It also enfranchised those women who were directly consequences of buying term papers or married to consequences of buying term papers active soldier.
These groups were believed to be disproportionately in favor of the Union government, as that party was campaigning in favor of conscription, consequences of buying term papers.
Stanford University professor Beatriz Magaloni described a model governing the behaviour of autocratic regimes. She proposed that ruling parties can maintain political control under a democratic system without actively manipulating votes or coercing the electorate.
Under the right conditions, the democratic consequences of buying term papers is maneuvered into an equilibrium in which divided opposition parties act as unwitting accomplices to single-party rule.
This permits the ruling regime to abstain from illegal electoral fraud. Preferential voting systems such as score votinginstant-runoff votingand single transferable vote are designed to prevent systemic electoral manipulation and political duopoly. Voter intimidation involves putting undue pressure on a voter or group of voters so that they will vote a particular way, or not at all.
Absentee and other remote voting can be more open to some forms of intimidation as the voter does not have the protection and privacy of the polling location, consequences of buying term papers.
Intimidation can take a range of forms including verbal, physical, or coercion. This was so common that ina Kansas Supreme Court in New Perspectives on Election Fraud in The Gilded Age said "[ People may distribute false or misleading information in order to affect the outcome of an election. government's Central Intelligence Agency consequences of buying term papers "black propaganda"—materials purporting to be from various political parties—to sow discord between members of a coalition between socialists and communists.
Another use of disinformation is to give voters incorrect information about the time or place of polling, thus causing them to miss their chance to vote. As part of the Canadian federal election voter suppression scandalconsequences of buying term papers, Elections Canada traced fraudulent phone calls, telling voters that their polling stations had been moved, to a telecommunications company that worked with the Conservative Party. Vote buying occurs when a political party or candidate seeks to buy the vote of a voter in an upcoming election.
Vote buying can take various forms such as a monetary exchange, as well as an exchange for necessary goods or services.
Although this practice is illegal in many countries such as the United States, Argentina, Mexico, Kenya, Brazil and Nigeria, its prevalence remains worldwide. In some parts of the United States [ which? To keep the practice of vote buying secret, parties would open fully staffed vote-buying shops. In England, documentation and stories of vote buying and vote selling are also well known. The most famous episodes of vote buying came in 18th century England when two or more rich aristocrats spent whatever money it took to win.
The "Spendthrift election" came in Northamptonshire inwhen three earls each spent over £, consequences of buying term papers, on their favoured candidates. Voters may be given money or other rewards for voting in a particular way, consequences of buying term papers, or not voting. In some jurisdictions, the offer or giving of other rewards is referred to as "electoral treating". Vote buying can consequences of buying term papers the form of "turnout buying", where a broker brings many people to the polls, with a background sure to vote one way, and the results are seen in the precinct results [ clarification needed ].
One of the main concerns with vote buying lies in the question of which population or group of voters are most likely to be susceptible to accepting compensation in exchange for their vote.
Scholars such as Stokes argue that weakly opposed voters are the best ones to target for vote buying. Other scholars argue that it is people of lower income status who are the best group to target, as they are the most likely to be receptive to monetary or other forms of compensation.
Since the wealthy are presumably not in need of money, goods or services, it would require a much larger compensation in order to sway their vote. However, consequences of buying term papers, as seen in the case of Argentina for example, citizens who reside within poor communities are in great need of income, or medical services, for example, consequences of buying term papers, to feed their families and keep them in good health, consequences of buying term papers.
With that being said, a much smaller sum of cash or a medical prescription would be of much greater value and thus their political support can be much easier to purchase, consequences of buying term papers. When postal ballots are mailed to voters, the buyer can fill them out or see how they are filled out.
Monitoring is harder when ballots are cast secretly at a polling place. If a buyer is able to obtain a blank ballot by theft, counterfeit, or a legitimate absentee ballot the buyer can then mark the ballot for their chosen candidates and pay a voter to take the pre-marked ballot to a polling stationexchange it for the blank ballot issued and return the blank ballot to the attacker.
This is known as chain voting. Another strategy has been to invoke personalized social norms to make voters honor their contracts at the voting booth. This is made more effective when the rewards are delivered personally by the candidate or someone close to them, in order to create a sense of gratitude on behalf of the voters towards the candidate. There are several negative consequences that arise from the practice of vote buying. The presence of vote buying consequences of buying term papers democratic states poses a threat to democracy itself, as it interferes with the ability to rely on a popular vote as a measure of people's support for potential governments' policies.
Another noted consequence is that the autonomy of voters is undermined. Since getting paid or receiving rewards for their votes generates a form of income that they may need to support themselves or their families, they have no autonomy to cast the vote that they truly want.
This, in turn, perpetuates corruption in the system even further creating a cycle. Thirdly, vote buying can create a dependency of voters on the income or goods that they are receiving for their votes, and can further perpetuate a type of poverty trap.
It can be true that the broker in that community has no interest or incentive to actually increase the standards of living of the community members, as it is very possible that they are only interested in getting whatever share of the profit they are entitled to for working for the party.
That being said, they may provide services but their real interest may lie in keeping the voters dependent on the rewards they are providing in order to stay in power. Vote buying and the overall practice of clientelism is widespread in Argentina.
According to Simeon Nichter, one of the main perpetrators of these illegal activities were the Peronist party. These rewards could include a job, medicine, a roof, clothing, foods, and other goods or services. The case of Argentina in particular in that it relies heavily on face-to-face and day-to-day interactions between "brokers" who consequences of buying term papers as middlemen and voters, consequences of buying term papers.
Additionally, vote buying in this region focuses on citizens who are not strongly in favour or opposed to the political machine, and whose political loyalty does not necessarily lie with one party or another. In a study done by Susan C. Stokesshe finds that the brokers in these communities are known to all the citizens and have access to the necessary resources from the municipality, consequences of buying term papers. They maintain relationships with the voters and grant them rewards and favours continuously in order to keep the party they work for in the office, consequences of buying term papers.
This is one main explanation for why many lower-income voters are seen voting for populist leaders, as well as authoritarian ones. However, others view them as hands of corruption. Stokes further explains that the capacity of these brokers is constrained due to the fact that they can only maintain this type of transactional relationship with a limited number of voters, consequences of buying term papers.
Without these strong ties, they would have no means through which to carry out vote-buying practices. Similarly to Argentina, it has been found that vote-buying in Mexico is most likely in consequences of buying term papers and poor regions of the country. The first was the Mexican election, where it was found that 8. During the Venezuelan presidential electionreports of vote buying were prevalent during the presidential campaigning.
Venezuelans suffering from hunger were pressured to vote for Maduro, with the government bribing potential supporters with food. These prizes were reportedly never delivered. Everyone who has a Carnet de la Patria has to go to vote on 20 May.
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Feb 05, · The policies in your school or college generally determine the immediate consequences. But basic legal principles govern some aspects of school discipline. And of course, the law determines what happens when students sue schools, claiming that they were unfairly accused or We even have an urgent delivery option for short essays, term papers, or research papers needed within 8 to 24 hours. We appreciate that you have chosen our cheap essay service, and will provide you with high-quality and low-cost custom essays, research papers, term papers, speeches, book reports, and other academic assignments for sale Collusion definition is - secret agreement or cooperation especially for an illegal or deceitful purpose. How to use collusion in a sentence
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